{"id":2621,"date":"2021-05-04T22:09:06","date_gmt":"2021-05-04T22:09:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/?page_id=2621"},"modified":"2021-05-06T02:06:29","modified_gmt":"2021-05-06T02:06:29","slug":"african-americans-and-the-war-05-2021","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/it\/african-americans-and-the-war-05-2021\/","title":{"rendered":"African Americans and the War | 05.2021"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-vc-full-width=\"true\" data-vc-full-width-init=\"false\" data-vc-stretch-content=\"true\" class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row-69eb3454c21a0 vc_row-no-padding\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12 vc_row-69eb3454c258d\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"banner-area banner-area-60916679ebab4 banner-color-black\"><div class=\"banner banner-60916679ebab4  fixed-height arrows-right-bottom pagination-right\" style=\"height:450px;\"><div class=\"item banner-item-6035d9ed184ce tal with-shadow white\">\r\n      <div class=\"bg-image\" style=\"\"><\/div>\r\n      \n    <div class=\"bg-overlay\">\n              <div class=\"video-wrap\"><video class=\"video\" playsinline muted loop src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/African-Americans-Volunteer-to-Fight-Alongside-Ethiopianstrimmed.mp4\" type=\"video\/mp4\" preload=\"none\"><\/video><\/div>                  <\/div>\n\n    \r\n      \r\n      <div class=\"container\">\r\n        <div class=\"cell middle\">\r\n          <div class=\"heading\">\r\n        <div class=\"sub-h\">MAY FEATURE<\/div>\r\n        <h1 class=\"h\">African Americans and the War<\/h1>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n          \r\n          \r\n          \r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row-full-width vc_clearfix\"><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row-60349a4bde7d3 vc_column-gap-35\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12 vc_row-69eb3454c2b62\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 22px;\">In 1935, as Ethiopia braced for a war with Fascist Italy, African Americans from Harlem to Chicago and beyond rose in support of the African nation.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_center\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"620\" height=\"422\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/volunteers-art.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/volunteers-art.jpg 620w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/volunteers-art-300x204.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/volunteers-art-16x12.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/volunteers-art-70x48.jpg 70w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/volunteers-art-300x204@2x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row-69eb3454c5cf9 vc_column-gap-35\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12 vc_row-69eb3454c5e74\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 90px; font-weight: 800; color: #c48f56;\">1935<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"vc_separator wpb_content_element vc_separator_align_center vc_sep_width_100 vc_sep_pos_align_center vc_separator_no_text\" ><span class=\"vc_sep_holder vc_sep_holder_l\"><span  style=\"border-color:#c48f56;\" class=\"vc_sep_line\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vc_sep_holder vc_sep_holder_r\"><span  style=\"border-color:#c48f56;\" class=\"vc_sep_line\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 20px;\">Black people in a segregated and racist America saw Ethiopia&#8217;s struggle for independence as symbolic of the larger fight against oppression. They saw the upcoming war as an extension of bigger struggle.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_center\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"486\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/volunteers-register.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/volunteers-register.jpg 700w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/volunteers-register-300x208.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/volunteers-register-16x12.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/volunteers-register-70x49.jpg 70w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/volunteers-register-300x208@2x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"280\" height=\"350\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/segregation.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/segregation.jpg 280w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/segregation-240x300.jpg 240w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/segregation-10x12.jpg 10w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/segregation-56x70.jpg 56w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 280px) 100vw, 280px\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 20px;\">Black newspapers across the country offered their support.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_center\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"437\" height=\"455\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/negro-liberator-newspaper.png\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/negro-liberator-newspaper.png 437w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/negro-liberator-newspaper-288x300.png 288w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/negro-liberator-newspaper-62x64.png 62w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/negro-liberator-newspaper-46x48.png 46w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/negro-liberator-newspaper-30x32.png 30w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/negro-liberator-newspaper-12x12.png 12w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/negro-liberator-newspaper-67x70.png 67w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/negro-liberator-newspaper-62x64@2x.png 124w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/negro-liberator-newspaper-46x48@2x.png 92w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/negro-liberator-newspaper-30x32@2x.png 60w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 437px) 100vw, 437px\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 20px;\">Volunteers weren&#8217;t allowed to go fight for Ethiopia, but a few managed. Here is one: John &#8220;Brown Condor&#8221; Robinson from Chicago, a pilot.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-vc-full-width=\"true\" data-vc-full-width-init=\"false\" class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_custom_1620165736976 vc_row-69eb3454cae98 vc_row-has-fill vc_column-gap-35 vc_row-o-content-bottom vc_row-flex\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12 vc_row-69eb3454cb032\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-6\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"vc_single_image-img\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/John_C_Robinson-ethiopia-air-force-1-400x397.png\" width=\"400\" height=\"397\" alt=\"John_C_Robinson-ethiopia-air-force\" title=\"John_C_Robinson-ethiopia-air-force\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 28px; font-weight: bold; color: #c48f56;\">Colonel John C. Robinson<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 28px; font-weight: bold; color: #c48f56;\">&#8220;The Brown Condor&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18px; font-weight: 400;\">1903 &#8211; 1954\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>An activist and an aviator known for his service in the Imperial Ethiopian Air Force, Colonel John Robinson was also hailed as the \u201cBrown Condor.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-6\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"663\" height=\"861\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/John_C_Robinson.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/John_C_Robinson.jpg 663w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/John_C_Robinson-231x300.jpg 231w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/John_C_Robinson-9x12.jpg 9w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/John_C_Robinson-54x70.jpg 54w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/John_C_Robinson-231x300@2x.jpg 462w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 663px) 100vw, 663px\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 20px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Recommended reading on Colonel John C. Robinson:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"vc_separator wpb_content_element vc_separator_align_center vc_sep_width_100 vc_sep_border_width_3 vc_sep_pos_align_center vc_separator_no_text\" ><span class=\"vc_sep_holder vc_sep_holder_l\"><span  style=\"border-color:#c48f56;\" class=\"vc_sep_line\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vc_sep_holder vc_sep_holder_r\"><span  style=\"border-color:#c48f56;\" class=\"vc_sep_line\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"vc_icon_element vc_icon_element-outer vc_icon_element-align-left vc_icon_element-have-style\"><div class=\"vc_icon_element-inner vc_icon_element-color-black vc_icon_element-have-style-inner vc_icon_element-size-md vc_icon_element-style-rounded vc_icon_element-background vc_icon_element-background-color-custom\"  style=\"background-color:#c48f56\"><span class=\"vc_icon_element-icon fas fa-book-open\" ><\/span><a class=\"vc_icon_element-link\" href=\"https:\/\/biruk.medium.com\/harlem-fights-for-ethiopia-223ead9aed61\"  title=\"Harlem Fights For Ethiopia\" target=\"_blank\"><\/a><\/div><\/div>\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/biruk.medium.com\/harlem-fights-for-ethiopia-223ead9aed61\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Harlem Fights For Ethiopia &#8211; biruk.medium.com<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"vc_icon_element vc_icon_element-outer vc_icon_element-align-left vc_icon_element-have-style\"><div class=\"vc_icon_element-inner vc_icon_element-color-black vc_icon_element-have-style-inner vc_icon_element-size-md vc_icon_element-style-rounded vc_icon_element-background vc_icon_element-background-color-custom\"  style=\"background-color:#c48f56\"><span class=\"vc_icon_element-icon fas fa-book-open\" ><\/span><a class=\"vc_icon_element-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.messynessychic.com\/2020\/06\/17\/harlems-forgotten-fight-to-save-africas-last-uncolonised-nation-from-mussolini\/\"  title=\"Harlem\u2019s Forgotten Fight to Save Africa\u2019s Last Uncolonised Nation from Mussolini\" target=\"_blank\"><\/a><\/div><\/div>\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.messynessychic.com\/2020\/06\/17\/harlems-forgotten-fight-to-save-africas-last-uncolonised-nation-from-mussolini\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Harlem\u2019s Forgotten Fight to Save Africa\u2019s Last Uncolonised Nation from Mussolini &#8211; www.messynessychic.com<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row-full-width vc_clearfix\"><\/div><div data-vc-full-width=\"true\" data-vc-full-width-init=\"false\" class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row-60353c4efc82b vc_column-gap-35\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12 vc_row-69eb3454cdd94\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">      <div class=\"heading-block heading-5d67b8b3d3ca3 tal h-h2 with-line\">\n                  <h2 class=\"h\">Excerpts...<\/h2>\n              <\/div>\n    <div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_center\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/umteteli-wa-bantu_25April1936-full-scaled.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"307\" height=\"427\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/John_C_Robinson-newsclip.png\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/John_C_Robinson-newsclip.png 307w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/John_C_Robinson-newsclip-216x300.png 216w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/John_C_Robinson-newsclip-9x12.png 9w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/John_C_Robinson-newsclip-50x70.png 50w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 307px) 100vw, 307px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-3\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\">Robinson was &#8220;a brilliant and highly intellectual aspiring pilot who had earned his flying credentials while working as a janitor for the Curtiss-Wright School of Aviation in Chicago. He had been repeatedly denied entry as a student to the all-white school&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\">He had been inspired by Bessie Coleman &#8220;the first African American woman to hold a pilot license&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-5\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"656\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/black-pilots-bessie-coleman.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/black-pilots-bessie-coleman.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/black-pilots-bessie-coleman-300x246.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/black-pilots-bessie-coleman-16x12.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/black-pilots-bessie-coleman-70x57.jpg 70w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/black-pilots-bessie-coleman-300x246@2x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/div><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">A group of Black pilots. In upper right hand corner is Bessie Coleman.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 28px; font-weight: bold; color: #c48f56;\">Late 1920s<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\">Robinson couldn&#8217;t find place that allowed Black people to train as pilots. He decided to build a plane with fellow mechanic-aviator, Cornelius Coffey.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 28px; font-weight: bold; color: #c48f56;\">1931<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid vc_row-o-equal-height vc_row-flex\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-3\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\">In 1931, Robinson, Coffey, and other volunteers built the first Black-owned airport in a predominantly Black town of Robbins, IL. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\">&#8220;Their earliest students were mainly guys from Coffey\u2019s Chicago garage as well as five women; including Janet Waterford Bragg and Willa Brown.&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\">Bragg became the first African-American woman to hold a commercial pilot license. Willa Bragg &#8220;helped Robinson open up the US armed forces to African Americans, eventually enabling an all-Black military pilot group to serve in WWII, known as the Tuskegee Airmen&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-3\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/umteteli-wa-bantu_25April1936-full-scaled.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"931\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/john-robinson-aircraft.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/john-robinson-aircraft.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/john-robinson-aircraft-258x300.jpg 258w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/john-robinson-aircraft-10x12.jpg 10w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/john-robinson-aircraft-60x70.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/john-robinson-aircraft-258x300@2x.jpg 516w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/umteteli-wa-bantu_25April1936-full-scaled.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"884\" height=\"931\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/air-men.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/air-men.jpg 884w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/air-men-285x300.jpg 285w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/air-men-62x64.jpg 62w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/air-men-46x48.jpg 46w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/air-men-30x32.jpg 30w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/air-men-11x12.jpg 11w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/air-men-66x70.jpg 66w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/air-men-285x300@2x.jpg 570w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/air-men-62x64@2x.jpg 124w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/air-men-46x48@2x.jpg 92w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/air-men-30x32@2x.jpg 60w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 884px) 100vw, 884px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-6\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/robbins-airport.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"462\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/robbins-airport.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/robbins-airport.jpg 640w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/robbins-airport-300x217.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/robbins-airport-16x12.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/robbins-airport-70x51.jpg 70w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/robbins-airport-300x217@2x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 28px; font-weight: bold; color: #c48f56;\">1935<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid vc_row-o-equal-height vc_row-flex\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-3\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\">In 1935, Colonel John C. Robinson made it to Ethiopia.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\">&#8220;He joined another aviator, Hubert Julian, dubbed \u201cThe Black Eagle of Harlem\u201d&#8230;the two airmen quickly clashed in a very public spot at the Hotel de France in the capital of Addis Ababa. &#8220;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-3\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/umteteli-wa-bantu_25April1936-full-scaled.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"207\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/John_C_Robinson-in-Addis-Ababa.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/John_C_Robinson-in-Addis-Ababa.jpg 207w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/John_C_Robinson-in-Addis-Ababa-8x12.jpg 8w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/John_C_Robinson-in-Addis-Ababa-48x70.jpg 48w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 207px) 100vw, 207px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">Colonel John C. Robinson at an Addis Ababa hotel, 1935<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-6\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Hubert-Julian.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Hubert-Julian.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Hubert-Julian-300x158.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Hubert-Julian-16x8.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Hubert-Julian-70x37.jpg 70w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Hubert-Julian-300x158@2x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/div><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">Hubert Julian<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\">Eventually, Robinson became commander of the Ethiopian Air Force and helped to train new pilots. As war broke out, Robinson flew reconnaissance missions. In 1936, however, when \u00a0Italy\u2019s military overwhelmed Ethiopia, Robinson returned to the United States and continued to teach aviation in Chicago. In 1944 he returned to Ethiopia and once again trained air force pilots. He went on to help establish Ethiopian Airlines.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/umteteli-wa-bantu_25April1936-full-scaled.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"374\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ethiopian-air-force-004.png\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ethiopian-air-force-004.png 374w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ethiopian-air-force-004-224x300.png 224w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ethiopian-air-force-004-9x12.png 9w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ethiopian-air-force-004-52x70.png 52w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 374px) 100vw, 374px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/umteteli-wa-bantu_25April1936-full-scaled.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"374\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ethiopian-air-force-5.png\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ethiopian-air-force-5.png 374w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ethiopian-air-force-5-224x300.png 224w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ethiopian-air-force-5-9x12.png 9w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ethiopian-air-force-5-52x70.png 52w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 374px) 100vw, 374px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/umteteli-wa-bantu_25April1936-full-scaled.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"719\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ethiopian-air-force-1.png\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ethiopian-air-force-1.png 719w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ethiopian-air-force-1-300x209.png 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ethiopian-air-force-1-16x12.png 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ethiopian-air-force-1-70x49.png 70w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ethiopian-air-force-1-300x209@2x.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 719px) 100vw, 719px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-3\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/umteteli-wa-bantu_25April1936-full-scaled.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"311\" height=\"190\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ethiopian-air-force-3.png\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ethiopian-air-force-3.png 311w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ethiopian-air-force-3-300x183.png 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ethiopian-air-force-3-16x10.png 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ethiopian-air-force-3-70x43.png 70w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 311px) 100vw, 311px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-3\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/umteteli-wa-bantu_25April1936-full-scaled.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"254\" height=\"190\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ethiopian-air-force-2.png\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ethiopian-air-force-2.png 254w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ethiopian-air-force-2-16x12.png 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ethiopian-air-force-2-70x52.png 70w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 254px) 100vw, 254px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-3\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"vc_icon_element vc_icon_element-outer vc_icon_element-align-left vc_icon_element-have-style\"><div class=\"vc_icon_element-inner vc_icon_element-color-black vc_icon_element-have-style-inner vc_icon_element-size-md vc_icon_element-style-rounded vc_icon_element-background vc_icon_element-background-color-custom\"  style=\"background-color:#c48f56\"><span class=\"vc_icon_element-icon basic-ui-icon-video-camera\" ><\/span><a class=\"vc_icon_element-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.criticalpast.com\/video\/65675027062_Ethiopian-Military-Officers_military-vehicles_map_officers-discuss_war\"  title=\"Second Italian-Ethiopian War. Ethiopian Air Force flyers, including John C. Robinson (&quot;The Brown Condor&quot;), look at a map.\" target=\"_blank\"><\/a><\/div><\/div>\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.criticalpast.com\/video\/65675027062_Ethiopian-Military-Officers_military-vehicles_map_officers-discuss_war\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A short clip showing Robinson talking to other pilots in Ethiopia. (no sound)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-3\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"vc_icon_element vc_icon_element-outer vc_icon_element-align-left vc_icon_element-have-style\"><div class=\"vc_icon_element-inner vc_icon_element-color-black vc_icon_element-have-style-inner vc_icon_element-size-md vc_icon_element-style-rounded vc_icon_element-background vc_icon_element-background-color-custom\"  style=\"background-color:#c48f56\"><span class=\"vc_icon_element-icon basic-ui-icon-video-camera\" ><\/span><a class=\"vc_icon_element-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.criticalpast.com\/video\/65675027063_Ethiopian-aircraft_Ethipian-officers\"  title=\"Short film showing some officers and aircraft of the Ethiopian Air Force in the Second Italo-Abyssinian War\" target=\"_blank\"><\/a><\/div><\/div>\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.criticalpast.com\/video\/65675027063_Ethiopian-aircraft_Ethipian-officers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A short film featuring some officers and aircraft in Ethiopia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid vc_row-o-equal-height vc_row-flex\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-1\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-10\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_video_widget wpb_content_element vc_clearfix   vc_video-aspect-ratio-169 vc_video-el-width-100 vc_video-align-center\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wpb_video_wrapper\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Ethiopian Airline Glorious History\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/P7AaxZzdWx4?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-1\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_separator wpb_content_element vc_separator_align_center vc_sep_width_100 vc_sep_border_width_3 vc_sep_pos_align_center vc_separator_no_text\" ><span class=\"vc_sep_holder vc_sep_holder_l\"><span  style=\"border-color:#c48f56;\" class=\"vc_sep_line\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vc_sep_holder vc_sep_holder_r\"><span  style=\"border-color:#c48f56;\" class=\"vc_sep_line\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\">Colonel John C. Robinson died in 1954 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from injuries suffered during a plane crash.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid vc_row-o-equal-height vc_row-flex\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-1\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-5\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/john-c-robinson-crash-newsclip.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"328\" height=\"401\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/john-c-robinson-crash-newsclip_crop.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/john-c-robinson-crash-newsclip_crop.jpg 328w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/john-c-robinson-crash-newsclip_crop-245x300.jpg 245w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/john-c-robinson-crash-newsclip_crop-10x12.jpg 10w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/john-c-robinson-crash-newsclip_crop-57x70.jpg 57w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 328px) 100vw, 328px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">(Click to expand)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-5\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"233\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/johnrobinsonincemetary.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/johnrobinsonincemetary.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/johnrobinsonincemetary-130x100.jpg 130w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/johnrobinsonincemetary-16x12.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/johnrobinsonincemetary-70x54.jpg 70w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/johnrobinsonincemetary-130x100@2x.jpg 260w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-1\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row-full-width vc_clearfix\"><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_custom_1620180564612 vc_row-6091fe4d96b19 vc_row-has-fill vc_column-gap-35\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12 vc_row-69eb3454e410d\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 20px;\">We want to say thank you to African Americans for the past support and the present fight against ongoing injustice. We stand in solidarity as Black people.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid vc_row-o-content-middle vc_row-flex\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-1\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-5\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"546\" height=\"755\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/harlem-newsclip.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/harlem-newsclip.jpg 546w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/harlem-newsclip-217x300.jpg 217w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/harlem-newsclip-9x12.jpg 9w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/harlem-newsclip-51x70.jpg 51w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/harlem-newsclip-217x300@2x.jpg 434w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 546px) 100vw, 546px\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-5\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"464\" height=\"584\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Nurse-Kea.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Nurse-Kea.jpg 464w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Nurse-Kea-238x300.jpg 238w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Nurse-Kea-10x12.jpg 10w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Nurse-Kea-56x70.jpg 56w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 464px) 100vw, 464px\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">When Mussolini invaded Ethiopia The &#8220;Harlem League Against War and Fascism&#8221; secretly volunteered and trained for military action &#8211; Nurse Kea of Harlem hospital established 75-bed hospital and delivered two tons of medical supplies. (Read Wm Jatz book The Lincoln Brigade)<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-1\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-vc-full-width=\"true\" data-vc-full-width-init=\"false\" data-vc-stretch-content=\"true\" class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row-6092b09517fd7 vc_column-gap-35\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12 vc_row-69eb3454e76b3\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_right\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1900\" height=\"339\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/may-banner-2.png\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/may-banner-2.png 1900w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/may-banner-2-300x54.png 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/may-banner-2-1024x183.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/may-banner-2-1536x274.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/may-banner-2-16x3.png 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/may-banner-2-70x12.png 70w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/may-banner-2-300x54@2x.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1900px) 100vw, 1900px\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row-full-width vc_clearfix\"><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row-69eb3454e9130\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12 vc_row-69eb3454e9261\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_raw_code wpb_raw_js\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<script>\n jQuery(document).ready(function(){\n jQuery('.side-bar-area').addClass('active');\n}); \n<\/script>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row-6035dc22d45b0\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12 vc_row-69eb3454e9695\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 13px;\">Photos on this page are from <a href=\"https:\/\/biruk.medium.com\/harlem-fights-for-ethiopia-223ead9aed61\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">biruk.medium.com<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.messynessychic.com\/2020\/06\/17\/harlems-forgotten-fight-to-save-africas-last-uncolonised-nation-from-mussolini\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.messynessychic.com<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.expeditionarycenter.af.mil\/News\/Article-Display\/Article\/2144525\/historic-hero-still-creates-bonds-between-us-ethiopia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Air Force Expeditionary Center<\/a>. Video displayed on the page is from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=YPOsCmShUlk&amp;t=8s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Addis News<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=P7AaxZzdWx4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ethio Millenium.<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"MAY FEATURE African Americans and the War In 1935, as Ethiopia braced for a war with Fascist Italy, African Americans from Harlem to Chicago and beyond rose in support of the African nation. 1935 Black people in a segregated and racist America saw Ethiopia's struggle for independence as symbolic of the larger fight against oppression. [...]","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"template-landing.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2621","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2621","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2621"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2621\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2703,"href":"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2621\/revisions\/2703"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2621"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}