{"id":2485,"date":"2021-03-26T23:18:55","date_gmt":"2021-03-26T23:18:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/?page_id=2485"},"modified":"2024-12-27T17:20:17","modified_gmt":"2024-12-27T17:20:17","slug":"yekatit-12-04-2021","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/it\/yekatit-12-04-2021\/","title":{"rendered":"Yekatit 12 | 04.2021"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-vc-full-width=\"true\" data-vc-full-width-init=\"false\" data-vc-stretch-content=\"true\" class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row-6a142915de643 vc_row-no-padding\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12 vc_row-6a142915deb3f\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"banner-area banner-area-60665dea66ef1 banner-color-black\"><div class=\"banner banner-60665dea66ef1  fixed-height arrows-right-bottom pagination-right\" style=\"height:500px;\"><div class=\"item banner-item-6035d9ed184ce tal with-shadow white\">\r\n      <div class=\"bg-image\" style=\"\"><\/div>\r\n      \n    <div class=\"bg-overlay\">\n              <div class=\"video-wrap\"><video class=\"video\" playsinline muted loop src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Yk-_YFJwDH4-00_02_09.00-00_02_39.00.mp4\" type=\"video\/mp4\" preload=\"none\"><\/video><\/div>                  <\/div>\n\n    \r\n      \r\n      <div class=\"container\">\r\n        <div class=\"cell middle\">\r\n          <div class=\"heading\">\r\n        <div class=\"sub-h\">APRIL FEATURE<\/div>\r\n        <h1 class=\"h\">Yekatit 12<\/h1>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n          \r\n          \r\n          \r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row-full-width vc_clearfix\"><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row-6a142915e0006 vc_column-gap-35\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12 vc_row-6a142915e0233\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 90px; font-weight: 800; color: #c48f56;\">1937<\/span><\/h1>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"vc_separator wpb_content_element vc_separator_align_center vc_sep_width_100 vc_sep_pos_align_center vc_separator_no_text\" ><span class=\"vc_sep_holder vc_sep_holder_l\"><span  style=\"border-color:#c48f56;\" class=\"vc_sep_line\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vc_sep_holder vc_sep_holder_r\"><span  style=\"border-color:#c48f56;\" class=\"vc_sep_line\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid vc_row-o-content-top vc_row-flex\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-6\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 22px;\">On 19 February 1937, Italian forces and Italian civilians began a three day campaign of killings in Addis Ababa which left thousands of Ethiopians dead. We\u2019ll share some details about those days of horror. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">**Warning: some graphic images**<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">We are grateful to Ian Campbell and his book,\u00a0<em>The Addis Ababa Massacre<\/em>, for providing us with many of the images and info found in this newsletter.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-6\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"vc_single_image-img\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/12-running-bomb2.jpg\" width=\"500\" height=\"346\" alt=\"12 running bomb2\" title=\"12 running bomb2\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-vc-full-width=\"true\" data-vc-full-width-init=\"false\" class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_custom_1617045877069 vc_row-603517a809a2b vc_row-has-fill vc_column-gap-20 vc_row-o-content-top vc_row-flex\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12 vc_row-6a142915e1d39\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 28px; font-weight: 800; color: #c48f56;\">05 May 1936<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid vc_row-o-content-middle vc_row-flex\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-5\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\">Italy declared victory in Ethiopia on 5 May 1936. Mussolini\u2019s troops, led by Badoglio, marched into Addis Ababa. It was a day of chaos and terror for the residents of the city.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\">Italians were ecstatic. Mussolini had promised a new Roman Empire of Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, and Libya. It had come true. Now, Italians could settle in Ethiopia. It was a country beckoning them with new jobs and better farmland. They were migrants but did not have to call themselves that because Ethiopia was by then declared \u201cItalian\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-3\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"280\" height=\"380\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/1936_Carlino_Etiopia.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/1936_Carlino_Etiopia.jpg 280w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/1936_Carlino_Etiopia-221x300.jpg 221w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/1936_Carlino_Etiopia-9x12.jpg 9w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/1936_Carlino_Etiopia-52x70.jpg 52w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 280px) 100vw, 280px\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"584\" height=\"402\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/corriere-della-sera-6-maggio-1936_mussolini_guerra-etiopia.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/corriere-della-sera-6-maggio-1936_mussolini_guerra-etiopia.jpg 584w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/corriere-della-sera-6-maggio-1936_mussolini_guerra-etiopia-300x207.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/corriere-della-sera-6-maggio-1936_mussolini_guerra-etiopia-16x12.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/corriere-della-sera-6-maggio-1936_mussolini_guerra-etiopia-70x48.jpg 70w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 584px) 100vw, 584px\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row-full-width vc_clearfix\"><\/div><div data-vc-full-width=\"true\" data-vc-full-width-init=\"false\" class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_custom_1617201561152 vc_row-60648992b4a49 vc_row-has-fill vc_column-gap-35 vc_row-o-content-middle vc_row-flex\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12 vc_row-6a142915e5578\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 28px;\">Italy finally has its empire, headlines shouted.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid vc_row-o-content-middle vc_row-flex\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-6\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_center\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"669\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/propaganda-fascista2.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/propaganda-fascista2.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/propaganda-fascista2-224x300.jpg 224w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/propaganda-fascista2-9x12.jpg 9w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/propaganda-fascista2-52x70.jpg 52w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/propaganda-fascista2-224x300@2x.jpg 448w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-6\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_center\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/12-Addis-Duce.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/12-Addis-Duce.jpg 640w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/12-Addis-Duce-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/12-Addis-Duce-200x112.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/12-Addis-Duce-16x9.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/12-Addis-Duce-70x39.jpg 70w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/12-Addis-Duce-300x169@2x.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/12-Addis-Duce-200x112@2x.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row-full-width vc_clearfix\"><\/div><div data-vc-full-width=\"true\" data-vc-full-width-init=\"false\" data-vc-stretch-content=\"true\" class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row-60353c4efc82b vc_column-gap-35\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12 vc_row-6a142915e9332\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 28px; font-weight: 800; color: #c48f56; line-height: 2px;\">Rudolfo Graziani<br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 2px;\">11 August 1882 \u2013 11 January 1955<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"693\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/graziani-addis-ababa-1.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/graziani-addis-ababa-1.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/graziani-addis-ababa-1-300x203.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/graziani-addis-ababa-1-16x12.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/graziani-addis-ababa-1-70x47.jpg 70w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/graziani-addis-ababa-1-300x203@2x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/div><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">Graziani in Addis Ababa.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"570\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Marshal_Graziani_1940.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Marshal_Graziani_1940.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Marshal_Graziani_1940-211x300.jpg 211w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Marshal_Graziani_1940-8x12.jpg 8w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Marshal_Graziani_1940-49x70.jpg 49w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p>Rudolfo Graziani was called the Butcher of Fezzan for the atrocities he committed in Libya from 1930-34, when he was Viceroy of Cyrenaica and commander of the armed forces. When Mussolini named him Viceroy of Addis Ababa, he knew what he was doing. Graziani was a Fascist prepared to kill every Ethiopian if needed. \u00a0(By the end of WWII, he was both a war criminal and a Nazi sympathizer.)<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"630\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/12-masses.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/12-masses.jpg 750w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/12-masses-300x252.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/12-masses-14x12.jpg 14w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/12-masses-70x59.jpg 70w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/12-masses-300x252@2x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/div><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">Graziani led the southern front in the war in Ethiopia. Here he is in Addis Ababa, November 1936.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p>Graziani was (in)famous for his \u201cpacification\u201d campaign in Libya. These were long years of brutal repression that led to the deaths of thousands of men, women &amp; children in concentration camps, terrorizing air warfare, and massacres.<\/p>\n<p>He displaced approximately 100,000 Bedouin to free their land for Italian settlers. It was during this \u201cpacification\u201d campaign that he helped to captured and hang Omar Mukhtar, the principal leader of Libyan rebellion. By the time he left Libya in 1934, most of the Bedouin population had died or been displaced.<\/p>\n<p>By some accounts, Graziani was a paranoid man. He knew many wanted him dead. It\u2019s said that on tour of an Orthodox church in Dire Dawa, he fell into a pit covered by carpet and he believed a trap was set by priests to injure or kill him. As a result, he was suspicious of priests.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"749\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/general-rodolfo-graziani-Libya-1.jpeg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/general-rodolfo-graziani-Libya-1.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/general-rodolfo-graziani-Libya-1-300x219.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/general-rodolfo-graziani-Libya-1-16x12.jpeg 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/general-rodolfo-graziani-Libya-1-70x51.jpeg 70w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/general-rodolfo-graziani-Libya-1-300x219@2x.jpeg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/div><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">Rodolfo Graziani in Libya.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"671\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Omar_Mokhtar_arrested_by_Italian_Officials-1.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Omar_Mokhtar_arrested_by_Italian_Officials-1.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Omar_Mokhtar_arrested_by_Italian_Officials-1-300x197.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Omar_Mokhtar_arrested_by_Italian_Officials-1-16x10.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Omar_Mokhtar_arrested_by_Italian_Officials-1-70x46.jpg 70w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Omar_Mokhtar_arrested_by_Italian_Officials-1-300x197@2x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/div><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">Omar Mokhtar arrested by Italian Officials.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"248\" height=\"203\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/12-graziani-people.jpeg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/12-graziani-people.jpeg 248w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/12-graziani-people-16x12.jpeg 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/12-graziani-people-70x57.jpeg 70w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 248px) 100vw, 248px\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row-full-width vc_clearfix\"><\/div><div data-vc-full-width=\"true\" data-vc-full-width-init=\"false\" class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_custom_1617047159323 vc_row-6062297a0c4b4 vc_row-has-fill vc_column-gap-35\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12 vc_row-6a142915f1feb\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 28px; font-weight: 800; color: #c48f56; line-height: 3px;\">Abriha Deboch and Moges Asgedom<br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 500; font-size: 20px;\">Two young men who changed history!<\/span><br \/>\n<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-6\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p>By 5 May 1936, Addis Ababa was under Italian control. The further you went from the city, however, the less control Italians had. Ethiopians were still fighting. Italian forces were still dropping bombs and suffering the casualties of guerrilla warfare even though Mussolini claimed that he had won.<\/p>\n<p>But in Addis Ababa, there were two young Eritreans: Abriha Deboch and Moges Asgedom.\u00a0<strong>They would change everything. They became symbols of resistance and Italian brutality, but they were individuals with hopes and dreams.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Abriha Deboch &amp; Moges Asgedom had come to Addis Ababa from Eritrea for work and education. Abriha eventually found work in the Fascist Political Bureau. The late historian Richard Pankhurst writes that Abriha hated the fascists and their racism.<\/p>\n<p>On 19 February 1937, despite his paranoia and hatred for Ethiopian clerics, Graziani wanted to celebrate the birthday of the Prince of Naples by giving alms to Ethiopia\u2019s poor. (What irony to give alms to those whose country you stole and people you murdered.)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">This is the day that Abriha and Moges were waiting for.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-6\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"776\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/1200px-19_febbraio_1937Graziani_con_labuna_Kirillos_nel_Ghebi\u2560C_poco_prima_dellattentato.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/1200px-19_febbraio_1937Graziani_con_labuna_Kirillos_nel_Ghebi\u2560C_poco_prima_dellattentato.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/1200px-19_febbraio_1937Graziani_con_labuna_Kirillos_nel_Ghebi\u2560C_poco_prima_dellattentato-300x194.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/1200px-19_febbraio_1937Graziani_con_labuna_Kirillos_nel_Ghebi\u2560C_poco_prima_dellattentato-1024x662.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/1200px-19_febbraio_1937Graziani_con_labuna_Kirillos_nel_Ghebi\u2560C_poco_prima_dellattentato-16x10.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/1200px-19_febbraio_1937Graziani_con_labuna_Kirillos_nel_Ghebi\u2560C_poco_prima_dellattentato-70x45.jpg 70w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/1200px-19_febbraio_1937Graziani_con_labuna_Kirillos_nel_Ghebi\u2560C_poco_prima_dellattentato-300x194@2x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row-full-width vc_clearfix\"><\/div><div data-vc-full-width=\"true\" data-vc-full-width-init=\"false\" class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_custom_1617051867251 vc_row-606235b05c069 vc_row-has-fill vc_column-gap-35\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12 vc_row-6a142916006a3\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"vc_separator wpb_content_element vc_separator_align_center vc_sep_width_100 vc_sep_border_width_2 vc_sep_pos_align_center vc_separator_no_text\" ><span class=\"vc_sep_holder vc_sep_holder_l\"><span  style=\"border-color:#c48f56;\" class=\"vc_sep_line\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vc_sep_holder vc_sep_holder_r\"><span  style=\"border-color:#c48f56;\" class=\"vc_sep_line\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"865\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Moges-Asgedom2.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Moges-Asgedom2.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Moges-Asgedom2-208x300.jpg 208w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Moges-Asgedom2-8x12.jpg 8w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Moges-Asgedom2-49x70.jpg 49w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Moges-Asgedom2-208x300@2x.jpg 416w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/div><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">Moges Asgedom<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-8\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p>Moges Asegedom was born in 1912 in Alfal\u2019ba, near Deqemhare, Eritrea. Moges was an intelligent and diligent student. He was considered kind and considerate. (This, according to Ian Campbell, author of \u201cThe Plot to Kill Graziani\u201d, is the only published photo of Moges.)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">As a teenager, Moges left Eritrea for Ethiopia without permission from colonial authorities. He was reportedly shot at while illegally leaving Eritrea to go to Addis Ababa. Below, a few images of Deqemhare\/Decamer\u00e8, near where he was born.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpb_gallery wpb_content_element vc_clearfix\" ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"wpb_gallery_slides wpb_image_grid\" data-interval=\"3\"><ul class=\"wpb_image_grid_ul\"><li class=\"isotope-item\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"197\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Dekamere3-300x197.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Dekamere3-300x197.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Dekamere3-16x12.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Dekamere3-70x46.jpg 70w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Dekamere3.jpg 812w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Dekamere3-300x197@2x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/li><li class=\"isotope-item\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"190\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Dekemare-300x190.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Dekemare-300x190.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Dekemare-1024x648.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Dekemare-1536x973.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Dekemare-16x10.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Dekemare-70x44.jpg 70w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Dekemare.jpg 1625w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Dekemare-300x190@2x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p>Moges was fluent in French, had command of Italian and knowledge of German and English. He taught French, then was hired for a position in the Cartography Section of Addis Ababa Municipality, housed in the former palace of Bitwedded Haile-Giorgis. (see Campbell\u2019s book for more info)<\/p>\n<p>While working at the Municipality, Moges was accused of illegal money changing. He was arrested and jailed. To be freed he needed someone to sign papers to be responsible for him. He asked Abriha to sign and he did. This, perhaps, created a strong bond between them.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"443\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/municiaplity-building.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/municiaplity-building.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/municiaplity-building-300x166.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/municiaplity-building-200x112.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/municiaplity-building-16x9.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/municiaplity-building-70x39.jpg 70w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/municiaplity-building-300x166@2x.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/municiaplity-building-200x112@2x.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/div><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">The rear of the Municipality Building opposite the St. George's Cathedral, Addis Ababa. Here Moges Asgedom worked under Engineer Theodore Shemanski in the Cartography Department.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_separator wpb_content_element vc_separator_align_center vc_sep_width_100 vc_sep_border_width_2 vc_sep_pos_align_center vc_separator_no_text\" ><span class=\"vc_sep_holder vc_sep_holder_l\"><span  style=\"border-color:#c48f56;\" class=\"vc_sep_line\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vc_sep_holder vc_sep_holder_r\"><span  style=\"border-color:#c48f56;\" class=\"vc_sep_line\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"865\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Abraha-Deboch2.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Abraha-Deboch2.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Abraha-Deboch2-208x300.jpg 208w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Abraha-Deboch2-8x12.jpg 8w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Abraha-Deboch2-49x70.jpg 49w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Abraha-Deboch2-208x300@2x.jpg 416w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/div><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">Abriha Deboch<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-8\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"css-1dbjc4n\">\n<div class=\"css-1dbjc4n r-1s2bzr4\">\n<div id=\"tweet-text\" class=\"css-901oao r-18jsvk2 r-1qd0xha r-1blvdjr r-16dba41 r-vrz42v r-bcqeeo r-bnwqim r-qvutc0\" dir=\"auto\" lang=\"en\">\n<p>Abriha Deboch was born in Ma\u2019adu in the Hamasien province of Eritrea in 1913. It was said that both he and Moges were shot at by Eritrean border guards when going to Addis for school. Unlike Moges, he was outspoken. He was a good student, but not as good as Moges.<\/p>\n<p>He was opinionated, moody, and physically strong. He was also extremely curious and was said to have hated the fascists. Below, the house he spent his school holidays at Sidist Kilo, residence of his adoptive father, Fitawrari Kelkile.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"578\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Fitawrari-Kelkile-Residence-Addis-Ababa..jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Fitawrari-Kelkile-Residence-Addis-Ababa..jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Fitawrari-Kelkile-Residence-Addis-Ababa.-300x217.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Fitawrari-Kelkile-Residence-Addis-Ababa.-16x12.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Fitawrari-Kelkile-Residence-Addis-Ababa.-70x51.jpg 70w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Fitawrari-Kelkile-Residence-Addis-Ababa.-300x217@2x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/div><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">Fitawrari Kelkile Residence, Addis Ababa.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_separator wpb_content_element vc_separator_align_center vc_sep_width_100 vc_sep_border_width_2 vc_sep_pos_align_center vc_separator_no_text\" ><span class=\"vc_sep_holder vc_sep_holder_l\"><span  style=\"border-color:#c48f56;\" class=\"vc_sep_line\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vc_sep_holder vc_sep_holder_r\"><span  style=\"border-color:#c48f56;\" class=\"vc_sep_line\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row-full-width vc_clearfix\"><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row-606244062ffbc vc_column-gap-35\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12 vc_row-6a1429160d904\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"css-1dbjc4n\">\n<div class=\"css-1dbjc4n r-1s2bzr4\">\n<div id=\"tweet-text\" class=\"css-901oao r-18jsvk2 r-1qd0xha r-1blvdjr r-16dba41 r-vrz42v r-bcqeeo r-bnwqim r-qvutc0\" dir=\"auto\" lang=\"en\" style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\">1936: Italians entered Addis and Badoglio instituted the death penalty for looting and possession of firearms (FYI: everyone owned a gun, this was quite common). Many Ethiopians were executed for breaking laws that were often completely different from how they used to live. Mussolini told Badoglio to kill all foreign educated Ethiopians. However, Badoglio didn\u2019t do this, and this is when Graziani takes over.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_video_widget wpb_content_element vc_clearfix   vc_video-aspect-ratio-169 vc_video-el-width-100 vc_video-align-left\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wpb_video_wrapper\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Italian Troops Enter Addis Ababa (1936)\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Yk-_YFJwDH4?start=3&feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_custom_1617122950187 vc_row-60624a6f6d3f6 vc_row-has-fill vc_column-gap-35\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-8 vc_row-6a1429160e351\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p>When Graziani, the Butcher of Fezzan, also called the Butcher of Libya, was named Viceroy by Mussolini, he immediately got to work. He set up his offices at Genet Leul Palace. It was here that Abriha had also worked, for Badoglio\u2019s office.<\/p>\n<p>There\u2019s much to say of Abriha: a complicated man in a situation that grew more complex. Some say he was a double-agent. Ethiopian patriot (and a woman!) Weizero Shewereged Gedle was certain that he was a fascist intelligence agent. (Ian Campbell\u2019s excellent book provides more info.)<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-8\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"465\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Gennete-liul-Palace.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Gennete-liul-Palace.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Gennete-liul-Palace-300x174.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Gennete-liul-Palace-16x9.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Gennete-liul-Palace-70x41.jpg 70w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Gennete-liul-Palace-300x174@2x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/div><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">Genet Leul Palace<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"477\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/casa-del-fascio.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/casa-del-fascio.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/casa-del-fascio-300x179.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/casa-del-fascio-16x10.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/casa-del-fascio-70x42.jpg 70w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/casa-del-fascio-300x179@2x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/div><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">Casa del Fascio was temporarily housed in the damaged Kevorkoff building, shown here lit at night.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"vc_single_image-img\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Shewareged-Gedle-400x656.jpg\" width=\"400\" height=\"656\" alt=\"Shewareged Gedle\" title=\"Shewareged-Gedle\" \/><\/div><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">Shewareged Gedle<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p>Working in Graziani\u2019s offices, he\u2019s known to be close to Graziani. While a national resistance movement emerged in 1936 as the occupation began, Abriha was soon in communication with patriots intent on recapturing the city, advising them on when to attack. He wasn\u2019t taken seriously.<\/p>\n<p>Abriha, friends with Moges (who worked in the Cartography section) advised the patriots on strategies to recapture Addis in 1936, using the maps that Moges had access to for logistics. Graziani, despite not knowing he had a double-agent in his office, became aware of the plans.<\/p>\n<p>The attack failed, partly due to timing. Abriha had advised the patriots to attack before Italian reinforcements arrived from Dessie but the patriots, not trusting him, waited.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"465\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Support-from-Dessie.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Support-from-Dessie.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Support-from-Dessie-300x174.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Support-from-Dessie-16x9.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Support-from-Dessie-70x41.jpg 70w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Support-from-Dessie-300x174@2x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/div><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">Despite Abriha's advice, the Patriots delayed their attack on Addis Ababa until the Tessitore column from Dessie had triumphantly rolled into the city to relieve Graziani's hard-pressed troops.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p>Abriha was married in 1936 (there was so much happening this year for him!) to Taddessech Istifanos, who was also related to Ras Desta Damtew, one of the best generals in the Ethiopian army.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p>As Italians settled into Addis, as racial segregation laws took effect, as attacks on occupying forces failed, as Ras Desta and others are captured, Moges looked at Abriha and said, \u201cYou should sacrifice yourself for your country.\u201d He wanted to strike against Graziani and the fascists.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"320\" height=\"238\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/rodolfo-g.png\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/rodolfo-g.png 320w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/rodolfo-g-300x223.png 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/rodolfo-g-16x12.png 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/rodolfo-g-70x52.png 70w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 320px) 100vw, 320px\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p>In the house below, located in Piassa, Simeon Adefris (an undercover agent working for the resistance), Moges &amp; Abriha met to plan the strike against Graziani &amp; his administration.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"579\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Tesfaye-Tegen-Residence-Piassa.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Tesfaye-Tegen-Residence-Piassa.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Tesfaye-Tegen-Residence-Piassa-300x217.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Tesfaye-Tegen-Residence-Piassa-16x12.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Tesfaye-Tegen-Residence-Piassa-70x51.jpg 70w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Tesfaye-Tegen-Residence-Piassa-300x217@2x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/div><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">The Piassa residence of Tesfaye Tegen.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"499\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Yekatit12-Moges-house.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Yekatit12-Moges-house.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Yekatit12-Moges-house-300x187.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Yekatit12-Moges-house-16x10.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Yekatit12-Moges-house-70x44.jpg 70w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Yekatit12-Moges-house-300x187@2x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/div><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">Tadesse Tiruneh sits with the current occupant on the verandah of his friend Moges Asgedom's cottage in Qechene, in 2004. The left section of the building with the verandah is a later extension.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4 vc_row-606356b98aed3 vc_col-has-fill\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner vc_custom_1617123529981\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"line-height: 3px; font-size: 20px;\"><b>Ras Desta Damtew<\/b><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p>Ras Desta Damtew was one of the best generals in the Ethiopian army.<\/p>\n<p>In 1935 he commanded troops in the southern front. In January 1936, he was defeated by Graziani at the Battle of Ganale Dorya. Desta kept on fighting, eluding capture so often that he became mythic to journalists around the world. But he was eventually caught.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"541\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Ras_Desta_Damtew_as_prisoner_1937800px.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Ras_Desta_Damtew_as_prisoner_1937800px.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Ras_Desta_Damtew_as_prisoner_1937800px-300x203.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Ras_Desta_Damtew_as_prisoner_1937800px-16x12.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Ras_Desta_Damtew_as_prisoner_1937800px-70x47.jpg 70w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Ras_Desta_Damtew_as_prisoner_1937800px-300x203@2x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/div><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">Ras Desta Damtew as prisoner, 1937<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p>Ras Desta was executed by firing squad on February 24, 1937. It was a public execution meant to deter resistance against Italians. Instead, it brought more recruits to the resistance.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid vc_custom_1617125630573 vc_row-has-fill\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 24px; font-weight: 400; color: #c48f56;\">&#8220;You should sacrifice yourself for your country.&#8221;\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"459\" height=\"1200\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Abraha-Studio-Picture.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Abraha-Studio-Picture.jpg 459w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Abraha-Studio-Picture-115x300.jpg 115w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Abraha-Studio-Picture-392x1024.jpg 392w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Abraha-Studio-Picture-5x12.jpg 5w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Abraha-Studio-Picture-27x70.jpg 27w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Abraha-Studio-Picture-115x300@2x.jpg 230w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 459px) 100vw, 459px\" \/><\/div><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">Studio photograph of Abriha Deboch, c. 1936<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p>Other things were also happening as Graziani and the Italians settled into Addis. One was the establishment of racial segregation laws in Ethiopia (also in Libya, Eritrea and Somalia). This claimed that the white\/Italian race was superior. This was an apartheid-like system created before South African legalized apartheid . The regulations and laws deeply offended Abriha.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"337\" height=\"149\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/ariano.jpeg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/ariano.jpeg 337w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/ariano-300x133.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/ariano-16x7.jpeg 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/ariano-70x31.jpeg 70w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 337px) 100vw, 337px\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"423\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/difesarazza.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/difesarazza.jpg 423w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/difesarazza-212x300.jpg 212w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/difesarazza-8x12.jpg 8w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/difesarazza-49x70.jpg 49w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/difesarazza-212x300@2x.jpg 424w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 423px) 100vw, 423px\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row-60636ebb3162a vc_column-gap-35\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12 vc_row-6a1429161f71b\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 28px; font-weight: 800; color: #c48f56;\">\u00a0Yekatit 12 1929 EC\/ 19 February 1937<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-7\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p style=\"margin-bottom: .25in;\"><span style=\"font-family: Montserrat;\">Ethiopian residents of Addis Ababa heard that Graziani was distributing money to the poor at Genet Leul Palace, imitating a custom also done by Haile Selassie. Thousands woke up that sunny day to go. In particular, the elderly and poor.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: .25in;\"><span style=\"font-family: Montserrat;\">Abriha, Moges and other activists, after months of planning, were ready to strike. They were armed with hand grenades. They would be able to get close to Graziani. They hoped to maim or kill him and they hoped to encourage an uprising or open the path for Ras Desta\u2019s forces to attack.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: .25in;\"><span style=\"font-family: Montserrat;\">But someone had warned the Italians. And so, the Italians brought out an extraordinary amount of fire power, as if preparing to confront a large force.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0in;\"><span style=\"font-family: Montserrat;\">Surrounded by heavily armed forces, Graziani gave a speech. Witnesses stated that it was a furious, loud speech full of frantic gestures. When he was done, the crowd stood in line to receive their Thalers. Nothing happened and Italians started to relax as they watched the queue.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"381\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/breda_2.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/breda_2.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/breda_2-300x143.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/breda_2-16x8.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/breda_2-70x33.jpg 70w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/breda_2-300x143@2x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/div><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">Heavy machine guns on the balcony were  aimed at crowds. This Breda Model 30 automatic rifles was capable of 400-500 rounds\/minute.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-5 vc_col-has-fill\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner vc_custom_1617129976818\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"line-height: 3px; font-size: 20px;\"><b>Artillery &amp; Forces<\/b><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p>An Italian priest blesses a row of 6.5mm Fiat-Revelli Model 14 heavy machine guns in Ethiopia. This weaponry was used during Yekatit 12. Each gun had a small tank to hold the recirculating water used to cool it while in operation. The ritual of blessing weapons was a popular one in the Italian forces. <span style=\"font-weight: 600;\">The Fiat-Revelli Model 14 was capable of 400-500 rounds\/minute.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"490\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Italian-priest-blesses-weapon.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Italian-priest-blesses-weapon.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Italian-priest-blesses-weapon-300x184.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Italian-priest-blesses-weapon-16x10.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Italian-priest-blesses-weapon-70x43.jpg 70w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Italian-priest-blesses-weapon-300x184@2x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-7\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p>But then a grenade exploded somewhere out of view of the Italians. Then another, and in the midst of the confusion, another exploded and caught Graziani in the back as he turned to run into the palace. Nine grenades went off in total but no one could tell where they were coming from.<\/p>\n<p>There was a pause. The Italians waited for more grenades as Graziani was taken away and rushed to the hospital. Then: nothing. Just silence as the Italians stared at the crowds and the crowds stared at the Italians and their weaponry. No one knew what to do.<\/p>\n<p>Then Guido Cortese, federal secretary of the Fascist Party stepped forward, took out his pistol, and opened fire.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"css-1dbjc4n\">\n<div class=\"css-1dbjc4n r-1s2bzr4\">\n<div id=\"tweet-text\" class=\"css-901oao r-18jsvk2 r-1qd0xha r-1blvdjr r-16dba41 r-vrz42v r-bcqeeo r-bnwqim r-qvutc0\" dir=\"auto\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0\" style=\"font-size: 30px;\">The massacre of Addis Ababa had begun.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-5\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"vc_empty_space\"   style=\"height: 32px\"><span class=\"vc_empty_space_inner\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"vc_single_image-img\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Guido_Cortese_federale_di_Addis_Abeba-250x365.jpg\" width=\"250\" height=\"365\" alt=\"Guido Cortese, federal secretary of the Fascist Party.\" title=\"Guido_Cortese_federale_di_Addis_Abeba\" \/><\/div><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">Guido Cortese, federal secretary of the Fascist Party.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_custom_1617134846957 vc_row-60638440a7dee vc_row-has-fill vc_column-gap-35\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-5 vc_row-6a14291624633\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p>As Ian Campbell states in his incredibly thorough and powerful <em>The Addis Ababa Massacre,<\/em> this was filmed from the balcony.\u00a0 People at the back of the crowd (mainly priests) were trying to run away as shooting began.<\/p>\n<p>There were 3,000 Ethiopians at the palace that morning. Only a few survived. Well-known writer, Temesgen Gebre, was there that day and years later, spoke of this moment, noting the machine guns firing from the balcony. He was protected by the bodies that fell on top of him. At the palace, those few Ethiopians who escaped the bullets were often hunted down and killed by daggers or shovels that were lying around due to construction. The gates had been shut so no one could really escape.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 24px; font-weight: 600;\">3,000 men, women and children were killed. But this was just the beginning.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p>The violence began to spread beyond the palace. Executions of innocent bystanders, those who had been watching the alms ceremony from outside the gates, started.<\/p>\n<p>Italian soldiers encircled the area, trapping even Ethiopians walking by. Italian civilians grabbed objects to use as weapons. Blackshirts descended on the area. The Circle of Death, as it was called, closed in on Ethiopians.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 24px; font-weight: 600;\"> 1500 were massacred.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>This was only within the first hour alone. It had only just begun. The massacre went on for 3 days. It was an unrelenting killing spree by the Italian military, and Italian civilians alike. Between noon and 1pm, Ethiopians were slaughtered inside the Circle of Death.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4 vc_row-6a14291624a3f\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/priests-from-balcony.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/priests-from-balcony.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/priests-from-balcony-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/priests-from-balcony-16x12.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/priests-from-balcony-70x52.jpg 70w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/priests-from-balcony-300x225@2x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/div><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">Apparently filmed from the balcony of the Governo Generale, people at the back of the crowd (in this section consisting mainly of Orthodox priests) are trying to run away as shooting begins and panic breaks out.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"524\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Askaris-attacking-the-Ethiopians.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Askaris-attacking-the-Ethiopians.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Askaris-attacking-the-Ethiopians-300x197.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Askaris-attacking-the-Ethiopians-16x10.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Askaris-attacking-the-Ethiopians-70x46.jpg 70w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Askaris-attacking-the-Ethiopians-300x197@2x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/div><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">Askaris start attacking the Ethiopians. Here the camera captures the moment that an  askari, viewed from behind, begins an assault on the crowd, apparently with long-handled whip. Trying to back off, those at the front are unable to escape from the tightly packed throng. Seconds later, the soldiers open fire.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"535\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/arada-to-sidist-kilo.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/arada-to-sidist-kilo.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/arada-to-sidist-kilo-300x201.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/arada-to-sidist-kilo-16x12.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/arada-to-sidist-kilo-70x47.jpg 70w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/arada-to-sidist-kilo-300x201@2x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/div><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">\"Throughout the city they were massacring many people\u2026Horrible. A shame for Italy\u201d\u2014Ciro Oggiali. Correspondent for the Italian government newspaper Corriere della Sera. Poggiali, who witnessed the outbreak and early stages of the massacre at Menelik Square, published this photograph of some twenty-four massacre victims.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-3 vc_row-606385020f038 vc_col-has-fill\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner vc_custom_1617134858013\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 22px; font-weight: 400; color: #c48f56;\">&#8220;Throughout the city they were massacring many people\u2026Horrible. A shame for Italy\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 22px; font-weight: 400; color: #c48f56;\">\u2014 Ciro Oggiali.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p>Italian journalist Ciro Poggiali was present that day and recorded events in a diary that he kept secret. It was eventually published in 1970.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"957\" height=\"1429\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/diario-da-oi-ciro-poggiali.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/diario-da-oi-ciro-poggiali.jpg 957w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/diario-da-oi-ciro-poggiali-201x300.jpg 201w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/diario-da-oi-ciro-poggiali-686x1024.jpg 686w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/diario-da-oi-ciro-poggiali-8x12.jpg 8w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/diario-da-oi-ciro-poggiali-47x70.jpg 47w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/diario-da-oi-ciro-poggiali-201x300@2x.jpg 402w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 957px) 100vw, 957px\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid vc_custom_1617135886580 vc_row-has-fill\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"534\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/GenetLeul.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/GenetLeul.jpg 534w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/GenetLeul-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/GenetLeul-8x12.jpg 8w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/GenetLeul-47x70.jpg 47w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/GenetLeul-200x300@2x.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 534px) 100vw, 534px\" \/><\/div><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">Gates of Genet Leul Palace<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row-606394490161b vc_column-gap-35 vc_row-o-content-middle vc_row-flex\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-3 vc_row-6a1429162d319\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"522\" height=\"704\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Yekatit12-truck.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Yekatit12-truck.jpg 522w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Yekatit12-truck-222x300.jpg 222w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Yekatit12-truck-9x12.jpg 9w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Yekatit12-truck-52x70.jpg 52w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Yekatit12-truck-222x300@2x.jpg 444w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 522px) 100vw, 522px\" \/><\/div><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">This victim, tied in a tortuous position to the side of a Fiat 634N truck, is about to be dragged to his death.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-3 vc_row-606393eb7e817 vc_col-has-fill\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner vc_custom_1617138779530\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<blockquote><p>\n&#8220;I have a relative who was said to have died \u201cin a car accident\u201d during this war. I have often wondered if he might have been one of those captured and killed in the manner described in Ian Campbell\u2019s book. I have another relative who experienced this day and never spoke of it. There are thousands of these stories.&#8221;\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<div class=\"css-1dbjc4n\">\n<div class=\"css-1dbjc4n r-1s2bzr4\">\n<blockquote>\n<div dir=\"auto\" lang=\"en\">\u2014\u00a0<strong>Maaza Mengiste<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-1dbjc4n\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"css-1dbjc4n r-1r5su4o\">\n<div class=\"css-1dbjc4n r-1awozwy r-18u37iz r-1wtj0ep\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-6 vc_row-6a1429162ec99\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">A six-year-old witness, <span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 600;\">Yeweynishet<\/span>,<\/span> remembers seeing Italians armed with spades and shovels and people dead and dying. Boys and men were being rounded up. <span style=\"font-weight: 600; font-size: 18px;\">W\/zo Sara Gebreyesus<\/span> remembers seeing trucks waiting to collect men and boys dragged out of houses.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18px; font-weight: 600;\">Temesgen Gebre<\/span>, famed writer, remembers &#8220;Every Ethiopian was a welcome prey. Corpses of men, women, and children were lying everywhere.&#8221; People were taken out of homes, without warning, unaware of what was happening and killed. They were struck down in broad daylight walking.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_custom_1617201503593 vc_row-6063926babcd8 vc_row-has-fill vc_column-gap-35\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4 vc_row-6a1429162f234\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 600; font-size: 18px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400;\">From Sidist Kilo to Arada and beyond, the killings spread. Priests hiding in churches were murdered. Those trying to flee the markets to get home were killed. Any weapon that Italian civilians could find, they used. The military was well armed.<\/span>\u00a0And this was only Day 1, early.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Ian Campbell relates that men and boys were also tied to the back of trucks and dragged to their deaths. They were also run over by Fiat 634N trucks.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"484\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/yekatit-12-monument.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/yekatit-12-monument.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/yekatit-12-monument-300x182.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/yekatit-12-monument-16x10.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/yekatit-12-monument-70x42.jpg 70w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/yekatit-12-monument-300x182@2x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/div><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">The use of heavy military trucks to kill Ethiopian civilians, depicted on the Yekatit 12 monument, began on Friday soon after midday, and was to be persistent phenomenon throughout the massacre of Addis Ababa. The lower figure with out-stretched arms in this close-up is being run over as the vehicle reverses. The truck most commonly used was the Fiat 634N, with double wheels in the rear.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4 vc_row-6a14291630be1\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/circle-of-death.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/circle-of-death.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/circle-of-death-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/circle-of-death-16x12.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/circle-of-death-70x46.jpg 70w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/circle-of-death-300x199@2x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/div><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">Many Ethiopians were indiscriminately slaughtered inside the Circle of Death around the Viceregal Palace between noon and 1.00 pm. This photograph appears to have been taken in the vicinity of Jan Meda.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p>A city comprised of unarmed civilians was under siege. Tanks were brought in. Curfew was declared.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 600; font-size: 18px;\">We are still on Day 1.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"425\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/tank.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/tank.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/tank-300x159.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/tank-16x9.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/tank-70x37.jpg 70w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/tank-300x159@2x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/div><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">The Italians used L3 CV-33 and CV-35 tanks during the massacre of Addis Ababa.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4 vc_row-606393fdb5946\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 24px; font-weight: 400; color: #c48f56;\">\u201cEvery Ethiopian was a welcome prey. Corpses of men, women, and children were lying everywhere.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 24px; font-weight: 400; color: #c48f56;\">\u2014 Temesgen Gebre<\/span>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"489\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/fallen-man.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/fallen-man.jpg 489w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/fallen-man-183x300.jpg 183w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/fallen-man-7x12.jpg 7w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/fallen-man-43x70.jpg 43w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/fallen-man-183x300@2x.jpg 366w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 489px) 100vw, 489px\" \/><\/div><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">On Friday afternoon the Italians carried out surprise attacks on Ethiopians on a wider front than before the curfew.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_custom_1617201510974 vc_row-606485c519518 vc_row-has-fill vc_column-gap-35 vc_row-o-content-middle vc_row-flex\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-7 vc_row-6a142916355e1\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 32px; font-weight: 400; color: #c48f56;\">carta bianca<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"vc_separator wpb_content_element vc_separator_align_center vc_sep_width_100 vc_sep_border_width_2 vc_sep_pos_align_center vc_separator_no_text\" ><span class=\"vc_sep_holder vc_sep_holder_l\"><span  style=\"border-color:#c48f56;\" class=\"vc_sep_line\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vc_sep_holder vc_sep_holder_r\"><span  style=\"border-color:#c48f56;\" class=\"vc_sep_line\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p>Most Italians knew what would follow next: carta bianca (\u201cdo what you please\u201d) \u2013 This was a tactic used during invasion to kill all men, women, and children in the area where a white person was attacked.<\/p>\n<p>The fires had started as soon as the killings at the palace, but now, as afternoon was moving to night, the Italians started burning more homes in Addis Ababa. First, however, they would loot and steal before trapping families inside and setting huts\/homes on fire.<\/p>\n<p>People were thrown off bridges such as the Ras Mekonnen Bridge.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-6\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"622\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Yekatit12-Falling-Light.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Yekatit12-Falling-Light.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Yekatit12-Falling-Light-300x233.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Yekatit12-Falling-Light-130x100.jpg 130w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Yekatit12-Falling-Light-16x12.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Yekatit12-Falling-Light-70x54.jpg 70w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Yekatit12-Falling-Light-300x233@2x.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Yekatit12-Falling-Light-130x100@2x.jpg 260w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/div><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">In the falling light, following the declaration of carta bianca, a gang of armed Blackshirts descend on a house to loot, murder and burn. Note that they have been issued with guns, and bayonets are fixed.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-6\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"604\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Yekatit12-Fire-brigade.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Yekatit12-Fire-brigade.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Yekatit12-Fire-brigade-300x227.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Yekatit12-Fire-brigade-16x12.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Yekatit12-Fire-brigade-70x53.jpg 70w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Yekatit12-Fire-brigade-300x227@2x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/div><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">A member of the Addis Ababa fire brigade setting fire to Ethiopian thatched cottages.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-5 vc_row-6a14291639590\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"561\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Ras-Mekonnen-Bridge.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Ras-Mekonnen-Bridge.jpg 561w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Ras-Mekonnen-Bridge-210x300.jpg 210w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Ras-Mekonnen-Bridge-8x12.jpg 8w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Ras-Mekonnen-Bridge-49x70.jpg 49w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Ras-Mekonnen-Bridge-210x300@2x.jpg 420w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 561px) 100vw, 561px\" \/><\/div><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">Ras Mekonnen Bridge.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_custom_1617201520296 vc_row-606485e8655ee vc_row-has-fill vc_column-gap-35\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-8 vc_row-6a1429163af30\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p>As the city burned, as families tried to escape their homes and then were thrown back in, as men were caught and tied to trucks and dragged, as executions continued, the bodies piled up. They would need to be disposed. The extent of this massacre needed to be cleaned up.<\/p>\n<p>Bodies were brought to collection centers in the city. Iron rakes were used to gather them into piles. They were loaded into trucks, then off loaded at Gulele to be burned.<\/p>\n<p>This went on for three days, without pause. Day into night. People who weren\u2019t killed were detained. Imprisoned. Some executed on the spot, others sent away to other execution sites. Some were sent to concentration camps in Somalia and Eritrea, as well as in Ethiopia.<\/p>\n<p>Women and their babies were burned in their homes or killed as they tried to escape the fires. They were killed on the street or sent to prisons.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-6\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"593\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/bodies-loaded.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/bodies-loaded.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/bodies-loaded-300x222.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/bodies-loaded-16x12.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/bodies-loaded-70x52.jpg 70w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/bodies-loaded-300x222@2x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/div><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">Bodies at the collection center are loaded onto trucks.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-6\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"508\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/pits.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/pits.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/pits-300x191.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/pits-16x10.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/pits-70x44.jpg 70w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/pits-300x191@2x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/div><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">Pits are dug for the burial of the remains as more bodies arrive for incineration.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-6\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"574\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Yekatit12-incinerated.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Yekatit12-incinerated.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Yekatit12-incinerated-300x215.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Yekatit12-incinerated-16x12.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Yekatit12-incinerated-70x50.jpg 70w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Yekatit12-incinerated-300x215@2x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/div><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">Bodies about to be incinerated.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-6\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"588\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/yekatit-12-monument-women-children.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/yekatit-12-monument-women-children.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/yekatit-12-monument-women-children-300x221.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/yekatit-12-monument-women-children-16x12.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/yekatit-12-monument-women-children-70x51.jpg 70w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/yekatit-12-monument-women-children-300x221@2x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/div><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">Detail of bronze relief on  Yekatit 12 monument depicting women and children crushed as their homes are demolished by a tank.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4 vc_row-6a142916401d4\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid vc_custom_1617142001743 vc_row-has-fill\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<blockquote><p>\n&#8220;A friend asked me not long ago if I could find a photo of a relative of his who was killed by Italians. The Italians often took photos of those they killed before the execution. It would be the only photo his family would have of this relative, the brother of my friend\u2019s great-aunt. I don\u2019t know where to start.&#8221;\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<div class=\"css-1dbjc4n\">\n<div class=\"css-1dbjc4n r-1s2bzr4\">\n<blockquote>\n<div dir=\"auto\" lang=\"en\">\u2014\u00a0<strong>Maaza Mengiste<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-1dbjc4n\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"css-1dbjc4n r-1r5su4o\">\n<div class=\"css-1dbjc4n r-1awozwy r-18u37iz r-1wtj0ep\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_empty_space\"   style=\"height: 32px\"><span class=\"vc_empty_space_inner\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"540\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Assefa-Tedla.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Assefa-Tedla.jpg 540w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Assefa-Tedla-203x300.jpg 203w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Assefa-Tedla-8x12.jpg 8w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Assefa-Tedla-47x70.jpg 47w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Assefa-Tedla-203x300@2x.jpg 406w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 540px) 100vw, 540px\" \/><\/div><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">Assefa Tedla, a military trainer in the Black Lion organization, in custody before execution.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_custom_1617200659640 vc_row-6063a4f18e0d7 vc_row-has-fill vc_column-gap-35 vc_row-o-content-top vc_row-flex\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12 vc_row-6a14291641a75\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p>Here is a postcard sent back home to Italy, featuring gallows used during the war.<\/p>\n<p>The Italians built numerous portable gallows in kit form to be carried throughout Ethiopia for rapid assembly and disassembly. Complete with ladder and collapsible platforms, some were designed to hang six victims at a time; others could hang ten.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"436\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/gallows-postcard.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/gallows-postcard.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/gallows-postcard-300x164.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/gallows-postcard-16x9.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/gallows-postcard-70x38.jpg 70w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/gallows-postcard-300x164@2x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/div><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">Portable gallows.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"572\" height=\"431\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/gallows-in-use.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/gallows-in-use.jpg 572w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/gallows-in-use-300x226.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/gallows-in-use-16x12.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/gallows-in-use-70x53.jpg 70w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 572px) 100vw, 572px\" \/><\/div><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">Gallows in use.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row-6063a93fadf47 vc_column-gap-35 vc_row-o-content-middle vc_row-flex\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-1 vc_row-6a14291644530\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-7 vc_row-6a14291644658\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 20px;\">This was a slaughter that started in Addis Ababa. It lasted for three days, then continued for years as people struggled in prisons and died in concentration camps. The cover up that followed let some of the worst war criminals \u2013 like Rodolfo Graziani \u2013 go free and even enjoy political life in Italy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 20px;\">This painful history flows in the blood and exists in the family stories of many Ethiopians. The ghosts watch as Ethiopia today experiences violence from inside. May those souls have found peace. May their families find hope.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4 vc_row-6a14291644893\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"532\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/yekatit-12-monument_present.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/yekatit-12-monument_present.jpg 532w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/yekatit-12-monument_present-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/yekatit-12-monument_present-8x12.jpg 8w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/yekatit-12-monument_present-47x70.jpg 47w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/yekatit-12-monument_present-200x300@2x.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 532px) 100vw, 532px\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_custom_1617144879930 vc_row-6063ac290b81e vc_row-has-fill vc_column-gap-35 vc_row-o-content-middle vc_row-flex\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-2 vc_row-6a14291645e6b\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">To read more about the Italian war and this period in Ethiopian history, look for these books:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-2 vc_row-6a1429164607c\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"319\" height=\"499\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/61dCnQWKNHL._SX317_BO1204203200_.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/61dCnQWKNHL._SX317_BO1204203200_.jpg 319w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/61dCnQWKNHL._SX317_BO1204203200_-192x300.jpg 192w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/61dCnQWKNHL._SX317_BO1204203200_-8x12.jpg 8w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/61dCnQWKNHL._SX317_BO1204203200_-45x70.jpg 45w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 319px) 100vw, 319px\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-2 vc_row-6a142916473cb\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"315\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/51GkD611jL.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/51GkD611jL.jpg 315w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/51GkD611jL-189x300.jpg 189w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/51GkD611jL-8x12.jpg 8w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/51GkD611jL-44x70.jpg 44w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 315px) 100vw, 315px\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-2 vc_row-6a14291648ada\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"183\" height=\"275\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/images.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/images.jpg 183w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/images-8x12.jpg 8w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/images-47x70.jpg 47w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 183px) 100vw, 183px\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-2 vc_row-6a14291649f05\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"270\" height=\"406\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/9781510718654_p0_v4_s550x406.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/9781510718654_p0_v4_s550x406.jpg 270w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/9781510718654_p0_v4_s550x406-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/9781510718654_p0_v4_s550x406-8x12.jpg 8w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/9781510718654_p0_v4_s550x406-47x70.jpg 47w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 270px) 100vw, 270px\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-2 vc_row-6a1429164b689\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"355\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/EuxkGOlWYAUHlMk.jpg\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/EuxkGOlWYAUHlMk.jpg 355w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/EuxkGOlWYAUHlMk-213x300.jpg 213w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/EuxkGOlWYAUHlMk-9x12.jpg 9w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/EuxkGOlWYAUHlMk-50x70.jpg 50w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 355px) 100vw, 355px\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_custom_1617144879930 vc_row-6a1429164cc48 vc_row-has-fill vc_column-gap-35 vc_row-o-content-middle vc_row-flex\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4 vc_row-6a1429164ce1b\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_video_widget wpb_content_element vc_clearfix   vc_video-aspect-ratio-169 vc_video-el-width-100 vc_video-align-left\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wpb_video_wrapper\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"If Only I Were That Warrior\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/84273170?dnt=1&amp;app_id=122963\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; fullscreen; picture-in-picture; clipboard-write\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Check out <strong>If Only I Were That Warrior<\/strong>, a fantastic documentary!<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4 vc_row-6a1429164d5a9\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_video_widget wpb_content_element vc_clearfix   vc_video-aspect-ratio-169 vc_video-el-width-100 vc_video-align-left\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wpb_video_wrapper\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Addis Ababa (1937)\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/mjXZiMtUMPY?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Addis Ababa, 1937<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4 vc_row-6a1429164dbf3\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_video_widget wpb_content_element vc_clearfix   vc_video-aspect-ratio-169 vc_video-el-width-100 vc_video-align-left\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wpb_video_wrapper\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Addis Ababa - Ramadan Lner (1937)\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/eW-XDAb7lcw?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Ramadan in Addis Ababa, 1937<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-vc-full-width=\"true\" data-vc-full-width-init=\"false\" data-vc-stretch-content=\"true\" class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row-6035833a2ed9e vc_column-gap-35\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12 vc_row-6a1429164e50a\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"vc_empty_space\"   style=\"height: 32px\"><span class=\"vc_empty_space_inner\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_center\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1900\" height=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/april-banner.png\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/april-banner.png 1900w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/april-banner-300x64.png 300w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/april-banner-1024x218.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/april-banner-1536x327.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/april-banner-16x3.png 16w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/april-banner-70x15.png 70w, https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/april-banner-300x64@2x.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1900px) 100vw, 1900px\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row-full-width vc_clearfix\"><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row-6a14291650371\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12 vc_row-6a142916504af\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_raw_code wpb_raw_js\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<script>\n jQuery(document).ready(function(){\n jQuery('.side-bar-area').addClass('active');\n}); \n<\/script>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row-6035dc22d45b0\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12 vc_row-6a14291650c45\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 13px;\">We are grateful to Ian Campbell and his book, <em>The Addis Ababa Massacre<\/em>, for providing us with the images and details found in this newsletter. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 13px;\">Videos on this page are displayed by the kind permission of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britishpathe.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">British Path\u00e9<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"APRIL FEATURE Yekatit 12 1937 On 19 February 1937, Italian forces and Italian civilians began a three day campaign of killings in Addis Ababa which left thousands of Ethiopians dead. We\u2019ll share some details about those days of horror. **Warning: some graphic images** We are grateful to Ian Campbell and his book,\u00a0The Addis Ababa Massacre, [...]","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"template-landing.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2485","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2485","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2485"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2485\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2706,"href":"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2485\/revisions\/2706"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.project3541.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2485"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}